Intermediate Grammar
A. Gerunds and Infinitives
1. Gerunds, one
2. Gerunds, two
3. Infinitives
4. Participles as Adjectives, I
5. Participles as Adjectives, II
6. Participles as Adjectives, III
7. Likes and Dislikes, 1
8. Likes and Dislikes, 2
9. Likes and Dislikes, 3
10. Likes and Dislikes, 4
11. Likes and Dislikes, 5
12. Likes and Dislikes, 6
13. Going to, Intend to, Plan to
B. Perfect Tenses
14. Present Perfect Simple, one
15. Present Perfect Simple, two
16. Present Perfect Simple, three
17. Present Perfect Simple, four
18. Present Perfect Continuous
19. Past Perfect
20. Future Perfect
C. Modal Auxiliary Verbs II
21. Must Could May (Possibility)
22. Might Have 1 (Past Possibility)
23. Could, Must, Might Have, 2
24. Could, Must, Might Have, 3
25. Should have (Hypothetical Past)
D. Conditionals
26. Zero Conditional, 1
27. Zero Conditional, 2
28. First Conditional, one
29. First Conditional, two
30. First Conditional, three
31. Second Conditional, 1
32. Second Conditional, 2
33. Second Conditional, 3
34. Second Conditional, 4
35. Third Conditional
36. Wishes, one
37. Wishes, two
38. Wishes, three
E. Clauses
39. Subordinate Clauses I
40. Subordinate Clauses II
41. Complete the Sentences, I
42. Complete the Sentences, II
43. Complete the Sentences, III
F. Linking Words, Adverbs
44. Afterward, Consequently
45. However, Meanwhile
G. Relative Clauses
46. Who, 1
47. Who, 2
48. Who, 3
49. Where, one
50. Where, two
51. Where, three
52. Where, four
53. Where, five
54. Which, one
55. Which, two
56. Which, three
57. Which, four
58. Which, five
F. Participle Clauses
G. Other
Passives
Quotes or Reported Speech
Question Tags
G. Reading Text
Formal, Colloquial, Vernacular
Body Language
The English Cup
The Conversation
Grammatical Relationships
Grammatical relationships can be classified into three components:
(1) the subject-verb-complement relationship
(2) coordination
(3) subordination
Subject Verb Compliment Relationship
The subject-verb-complement (or actor-action-goal) relationship, is the basic grammatical relationship. It says that somebody or something does something, or is somebody or something.
We show this relationship mainly by word order, as in “A bee stung me,” and, “Lew is a comedian.”
Coordination
Coordination expresses two or more ideas in parallel, or equal, form. In the sentence “She read a book and wrote a letter,” the verbs ‘read’ and ‘wrote’ are parallel.
We use function words such as and, but, and or, to indicate coordination: “You can order hamburger, or you can order hotdog.”
Subordination
Subordination connects two clauses: a dominant or independent clause (the actor-action-goal part); and a subordinate or dependant clause.
The dominant clause forms the core of a sentence. The subordinate part modifies or changes the meaning of the dominant part.
Function Words
In general, subordinate clauses have function words. These include before, after, when, although, though, because, and if.
In “After Mr. McKenna retired, Sally took over his position,” the clause ‘Sally took over his position’ forms the actor-action-goal core of the sentence.
The phrase ‘after Mr. McKenna retired’ is subordination—it modifies the main action by saying when it happened.
