Intermediate Grammar

 
 
 
 

    A. Gerunds and Infinitives

  1. Gerunds, one
  2. Gerunds, two
  3. Infinitives
  4. Participles as Adjectives, I
  5. Participles as Adjectives, II
  6. Participles as Adjectives, III
  7. Likes and Dislikes, 1
  8. Likes and Dislikes, 2
  9. Likes and Dislikes, 3
  10. Likes and Dislikes, 4
  11. Likes and Dislikes, 5
  12. Likes and Dislikes, 6
  13. Going to, Intend to, Plan to

    14. B. Perfect Tenses

  14. Present Perfect Simple, one
  15. Present Perfect Simple, two
  16. Present Perfect Simple, three
  17. Present Perfect Simple, four
  18. Present Perfect Continuous
  19. Past Perfect
  20. Future Perfect

    21. C. Modal Auxiliary Verbs II

  21. Must Could May (Possibility)
  22. Might Have 1 (Past Possibility)
  23. Could, Must, Might Have, 2
  24. Could, Must, Might Have, 3
  25. Should have (Hypothetical Past)

    26. D. Conditionals

  26. Zero Conditional, 1
  27. Zero Conditional, 2
  28. First Conditional, one
  29. First Conditional, two
  30. First Conditional, three
  31. Second Conditional, 1
  32. Second Conditional, 2
  33. Second Conditional, 3
  34. Second Conditional, 4
  35. Third Conditional
  36. Wishes, one
  37. Wishes, two
  38. Wishes, three


    39. E. Clauses

  39. Subordinate Clauses I
  40. Subordinate Clauses II
  41. Complete the Sentences, I
  42. Complete the Sentences, II
  43. Complete the Sentences, III

    44. F. Linking Words, Adverbs

  44. Afterward, Consequently
  45. However, Meanwhile

    46. G. Relative Clauses

  46. Who, 1
  47. Who, 2
  48. Who, 3

    49.  

  49. Where, one
  50. Where, two
  51. Where, three
  52. Where, four
  53. Where, five

    54.  

  54. Which, one
  55. Which, two
  56. Which, three
  57. Which, four
  58. Which, five

    59. H. Participle Clauses

    I. Other

  59. Passives
  60. Quotes or Reported Speech
  61. Question Tags

    62. J. Reading Text

  62. Formal, Colloquial, Vernacular
  63. Body Language
  64. The English Cup
  65. The Conversation


 

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Grammatical Relationships

Grammatical relationships can be classified into three components:

(1) the subject-verb-complement relationship
(2) coordination
(3) subordination

Subject Verb Compliment Relationship

The subject-verb-complement (or actor-action-goal) relationship, is the basic grammatical relationship. It says that somebody or something does something, or is somebody or something.

We show this relationship mainly by word order, as in “A bee stung me,” and, “Lew is a comedian.”

Coordination

Coordination expresses two or more ideas in parallel, or equal, form. In the sentence “She read a book and wrote a letter,” the verbs ‘read’ and ‘wrote’ are parallel.

We use function words such as and, but, and or, to indicate coordination: “You can order hamburger, or you can order hotdog.”

Subordination

Subordination connects two clauses: a dominant or independent clause (the actor-action-goal part); and a subordinate or dependent clause.

The dominant clause forms the core of a sentence. The subordinate part modifies or changes the meaning of the dominant part.

Function Words

In general, subordinate clauses have function words. These include before, after, when, although, though, because, and if.

In “After Mr. McKenna retired, Sally took over his position,” the clause ‘Sally took over his position’ forms the actor-action-goal core of the sentence.

The phrase ‘after Mr. McKenna retired’ is subordination—it modifies the main action by saying when it happened.

 
 
 

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